| Venue: | SCOTUS |
| Facts: | Nothing specific stated; it's another reapportionment case, though. |
| Posture: | Unknown. |
| Issue: | Is there a constitutionally cognizable reason to justify departing from the basic standard of equality among voters in the apportionment of seats in state legislatures? |
| Holding: | No. |
| Rule: | Population is the starting point for consideration and the controlling criterion for judgment in legislative apportionment cases. |
| Reasoning: | Racially based gerrymandering results in denying some citizens their right to vote. That's constitutionaly impermissible. Over time, we are expanding the right of suffrage. The right to vote freely is fundamental, and that right is debased if the vote doesn't count. Legislators represent people, not areas. |
| Dicta: | Each and every citizen has the inalienable right to full and effective participation in the political process. |